Do the Environmentalist Overstated Their Case Essay Example for Free

Do the Environmentalist Overstated Their Case Essay From this article you will see that environmentalists are concern about the environmental catastrophe. Some of them claimed that world was in danger and we shouldn’t neglect about this issue. But Lomborg opposed in his article that the environmentalist have been overstated from the real situation. The author said that some of environmental organizations are using only selective information and also distort the truth. Also from the author research evidence shown that environment is in good condition In my opinion, l agreed with Lomborg that some organization overstate their case. Also one of the word he wrote in his article that â€Å"thing was better now but they are still not good enough†. It is true that nowadays we have more food per person than we need. In contrast food are in increasing in slow rate while the rate of population continue rising. If we don’t control the rate of child‘s birth. Moreover in my point of view the state that fewer people are starving is not true. Because nowadays there are a lot of people in the world suffer from malnutrition. Owning to quality of land, soil and fertility is important for production process but now in response to the increase using of pesticides. Also about deforestation even it is true as research said that globally forest has been reduced in very small portions even so we shouldn’t loss even more forest because forest is the most important resource for living things. Forest is not only providing valuable products but they also keep ecosystem in balance. They reduce problem about air pollution. So why don’t we trying to protect and increase in the forest. Last issue is about global warming. This is a long-term problem. It is true that doomsday not going to happened soon but if we keep ignoring about this issue. This might chase up global warming to happen faster. So for me it is time to concern about environment and plan for our next generation. Because as you see nowadays each of person prefer a high standard of living. But if we serve everybody demand the supply of environment resources must be lower and lower. This is the proper time to care about our earth use the environment resource in economize and benefit ways. Then the story that many environmental organizations keep telling us will not happen in the nearly future like them expected.

Save water Essay Example for Free

Save water Essay WATER SAVINGS PROTOCOL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Final Version 3.0 June 2009 Acknowledgements This document has been prepared by the Department of Sustainability and Environment in collaboration with Goulburn-Murray Water, the Northern Victoria Irrigation Renewal Project (NVIRP) with technical advice provided by Hydro Environmental. -i- TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction _______________________________________________________ 1 2. Purpose of this Document ___________________________________________ 2 3. Roles and Responsibilities ___________________________________________ 2 3.1. Project Proponent _____________________________________________________3 3.2. Water Corporation _____________________________________________________4 3.3. Resource Manager_____________________________________________________4 3.4. Minister for Water and Associated Departments ______________________________5 3.4.1. Department for Sustainability and Environment ______________________________ 5 3.5. Minister for Planning and Community Development and Associated Departments ____6 3.6. Minister for Environment and Associated Departments _________________________6 3. 6.1. Catchment Management Authorities (Environmental Managers) _________________ 6 3.7. Murray-Darling Basin Authority ___________________________________________7 4. High Level Process Diagram for Assessing Water Savings ________________ 7 ii 1. Introduction This document â€Å"Roles and Responsibilities† is part of the â€Å"Water Savings Protocol for the Quantification of Water Saving Projects† (the Protocol). The Protocol is a series of documents, which together, provides transparency, and consistency in the estimation and allocation of water savings derived from irrigation modernisation projects. It has been developed based on the key principles in the Draft Northern Region Sustainable Water Strategy and is applicable State-wide. The Protocol consists of: †¢ Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings †¢ Roles and Responsibilities †¢ Water Savings Audit Process The documents that make up the Protocol is shown in Figure 1. WATER SAVINGS PROTOCOL FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF WATER SAVINGS FROM IRRIGATION MODERNISATION PROJECTS Explanatory Note from the Minister Technical Manual For Quantification of Water Savings Roles Responsibilities Water Savings Audit Process Figure 1: Water Savings Protocol documents The overall purpose of the Water Savings Protocol documents, including this document, is to: †¢ specify a reliable and repeatable process and method to estimate water savings from irrigation modernisation projects; -1- †¢ †¢ 2. provide the best estimate of water savings for inclusion in economic assessments of investments in irrigation modernisation projects; and establish a transparent process which can be readily audited and reported on to enable actual water savings to be converted to entitlements at an appropriate time. Purpose of this Document The purpose of this document is to set out the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved in irrigation modernisation projects. The roles and responsibilities are specifically related to the accounting, reporting and auditing of associated water savings. These roles and responsibilities are consistent with Government Policies including the legislated roles and responsibilities of the various organisations in the Water Act 1989 and the Environmental Effects Act 1978. 3. Roles and Responsibilities The following sections outline the specific roles and responsibilities of the various organisations involved in water savings projects. These organisations include:i. the Project Proponent ii. the System Operator iii. the Minister for Water iv. the Department of Sustainability and Environment (the Department) v. Environmental Regulator (Minister for Planning) and Associated Departments vi. Minister for Environment and Associated Departments vii. Environmental Manager (Catchment Management Authority and/or Parks Victoria) viii. the Murray-Darling Basin Authority (in relation to Northern Victoria). The relationship between the above mentioned organisations and their involvement in water savings projects throughout Victoria can be seen schematically in Figure 2. -2- Minister for Environment and Climate Change Minister for Planning and Community Development Catchment Management Authorities Water Corporation Parks Victoria Minister for Water Resource Manager / System Operator Department of Sustainability and Environment Murray Darling Basin Authority Project Proponent Figure 2: Victorian Water Savings Projects – Key Organisations 3.1. Project Proponent The project proponent is the entity with the role of planning, designing and delivering the irrigation modernisation project including its various water savings interventions. The role of the Proponent is to: †¢ identify water saving opportunities. †¢ devise and develop the scope of projects in conjunction with the holder of the system operating water entitlement. †¢ seek all necessary approvals to works and endorsement of their associated water savings. †¢ identify potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures and consult with the appropriate environmental managers at a State and Federal level. †¢ quantify the volume of water savings to be generated by each intervention in accordance with the methodology outlined in the Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings. †¢ prior to implementing the annual works program, and at reasonable intervals throughout the season if requested by the System Operator, calculate the estimated interim water savings for the current/future irrigation season for the purpose for setting this water aside for future allocation. †¢ communicate to the System Operator, the planned annual works program and changes as they occur. †¢ implement works in accordance with the works program. -3- †¢ communicate any significant departures from the planned works program, as it is implemented, to the System Operator. †¢ notify the System Operator and the Executive Director of Water Entitlements and Strategies (within the Department) of the volumes of water that are expected to be set aside (Interim Savings) and transferred (Long Term Savings) as result of each intervention being implemented. †¢ calculate the actual water savings arising from the works in accordance with the Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings to determine both the interim and the long term water savings. †¢ report, as required, the projected interim and final water savings including any details of changes from the overall targeted volumes of water savings for the project or water savings intervention. †¢ arrange for an independent audit and report of the water savings utilising the independent auditor(s) awarded to the auditing of water savings by the independent panel in accordance with the Audit Process. †¢ advise the System Operator and Executive Director of Water Entitlements and Strategies (within the Department) on the outcomes of the water savings audit 3.2. Water Corporation The Water Corporation is responsible for assessing system losses on the longer term to ensure longevity of water savings realised through interventions associated with irrigation modernisation projects. The System Operator is to: †¢ ensure water delivery services can continue to be provided to water entitlement holders on the system. †¢ on the advice of the proponent, consult with system water users impacted by the agreed project works. †¢ provide water system asset information required to enable the Project Proponent to complete interim and long term water savings projections. †¢ apply to Minister for Water to amend/transfer part of the savings as water entitlement. †¢ operate and maintain the water delivery system in accordance with the agreed project objectives and ensure accountable water savings are sustainable and maintained in the long term. 3.3. Resource Manager The Resource Manager or Storage Operator, as defined in the relevant bulk entitlements, is responsible for managing and allocating the water resources in accordance with the bulk entitlements. This includes making and projecting seasonal determinations. The Resource Manager / Storage Operator is to: †¢ provide to the proponent, projections of annual water deliveries and allocations to enable the progressive calculation of interim water savings as the project is implemented. -4- †¢ manage and collect water delivery system flow (inflow and outflow) measurement data and make that data available t the Project Proponent. †¢ ensure provision of water related data to the Project Proponent and the Department is guaranteed through a quality assurance process. Where the data has been modified or filtered, provide both the raw and modified data including documentation of reasons for modification. †¢ at the start of each irrigation season, or progressively as agreed, set aside the amounts of water projected to be saved through the modernisation works. †¢ confirm the estimates of actual water savings provide by the Project Proponent and where necessary recommend an amendment to those savings for consideration by the Project Proponent. 3.4. Minister for Water and Associated Departments The Minister for Water is responsible for the water portfolio in the State of Victoria. The Minister oversees the policy direction with the support of the Department. The delivery of long term water savings and ensuring government water savings targets are met is a key responsibility of the Minister. The Minister for Water: †¢ has agreed to the Water Savings Framework and its associated Water Savings Protocols including its Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings and the Water Savings Audit Processes †¢ will, with the support of the Department, update the Protocol to ensure continual improvement and the use of the best technical basis available at the time. †¢ will, with the support of the Department, amend and transfer Bulk entitlements (Water Act 1989) to represent the long term water savings realised through the modernisation program. 3.4.1. Department for Sustainability and Environment The Department supports the Minister for Water in the administration of the water portfolio in Victoria with respect to water recovery. The Department will: †¢ support the Minister for Water in developing a Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings (Attachment 1) and the associated Audit Processes (Attachment 3). †¢ support the Minister for Water in amending and transferring bulk entitlements. †¢ recommend to the Minister for Water updates to the Protocols, particularity the Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings to ensure continual improvement and the use of the best technical basis available at the time. †¢ convene a meeting with the System Operator and the Project Proponent and Department a minimum of every 6 months to review the application of the Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings in Northern Victoria. -5- †¢ arrange for a Panel to establish a list of independent auditors which may be used to audit water savings estimates and related baseline data (both interim savings on annual basis and long term savings at the end of the water savings project). †¢ establish an agreed methodology for calculating the annual Long Term Cap Equivalent (LTCE) conversion factor to be used in long term water savings estimates. †¢ provide the Project Proponent (and System Operator if requested) with the Long Term Cap Equivalent conversion factors for particular years. 3.5. Minister for Planning and Community Development and Associated Departments The Minister for Planning and Community Development oversees the adherence of water savings projects to all relevant environmental legislation (both State and Federal). The Minister for Planning and Community Development will: †¢ assess environmental impacts of the works and measures proposed by the Project Proponent †¢ provided certain conditions are met, issue planning approvals for the works proposed by the Project Proponent (it should be noted that it is not the role of regulator to quantify the volume of water savings). 3.6. Minister for Environment and Associated Departments The Minister for Environment is responsible for management and mitigation of any undesirable impacts of the water savings project. The Minister for Environment has a responsibility to: †¢ work with environmental managers to consult on any potential environmental impact of works and seek multiple benefit projects †¢ provide advice to the Minister for Planning and Community Development on potential environmental impacts associated with works †¢ develop the principles for the planning and use of Requisite (Mitigating) Water to ensure net environmental gain to the project region. 3.6.1. Catchment Management Authorities (Environmental Managers) The Catchment Management Authorities (CMAs) have a charter to develop and oversee the implementation of Regional Catchment Strategies aimed at improving or at least maintaining catchment health and to, on behalf of the Minister for Environment, manage the environmental water entitlements. The role related to the environmental water entitlement includes: †¢ improving river and wetland health through the use of the Environmental Water Reserve and delivery of complementary works. †¢ working with the water savings Project Proponent to identify potential environmental impacts of the actions and potential mitigation measures proposed by the Project Proponent. -6- †¢ working with the Project Proponent and System Operator to seek multiple benefit projects and multiple project benefits. In instances where Parks Victoria is the owner or custodian of the land, the catchment responsibilities for the maintenance of catchment heath will be delivered through Parks Victoria. 3.7. Murray-Darling Basin Authority The Murray-Darling Basin Authority is responsible for integrated, sustainable management of water resources in the Murray-Darling Basin. Its role includes: †¢ ensuring appropriate water diversion accounting against the Murray-Darling Basin Cap on allowable annual diversions. †¢ developing and implementing of the Basin Management Plan which will be a strategic plan for the integrated and sustainable management of water resources in the Murray-Darling Basin. Details of the future role of the Authority in relation to water savings will be resolved as part of the Basin Plan. 4. High Level Process Diagram for Assessing Water Savings The quantification of water savings is undertaken in four separate stages or Phases of the water savings project, these phases are defined as follows: †¢ Phase 1: †¢ Phase 2: †¢ Phase 3: †¢ Phase 4: The initial â€Å"Business Case† long term estimates of water savings for the planned program of works The annual pre-works estimates of interim water savings to be set aside within the water savings account. The annual post-works measurement or verification of interim water savings able to be allocated from the water savings account. The end of program assessment of the overall long term water savings achieved through the modernisation program. Each of the Phases, and the steps which are required to quantify the water savings under these Phases, is described in detail within the Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings. Figure 3 schematically describes the roles and responsibilities of the above mentioned organisations in estimating, measuring, verifying, and reporting water savings associated with irrigation system modernisation programs. The interactions between each of the Phases of reporting and the required information sharing are also provided within that diagram. -7- Figure 3: High level process flow for defining, capturing reporting Water Savings in Irrigation Modernisation Project -8-

Cost Control Techniques in the Construction Industry

Cost Control Techniques in the Construction Industry 1.1 Objectives Project cost control weaken the common problem. Strengthen cost control, change the efficiency of enterprises is fundamental the survival and development projects in a market economy. Many companies have recognize the importance cost control, some companies development of relevant cost control system, some enterprises in implementing cost control responsibility, and made valuable experience of cost control. However, from the overall perspective, Project cost control related to the success or failure of business cost control. From the perspective of cost control mode, the majority of companies still use traditional cost control methods, develop construction budget, cost control based on this budget, as long as it does not exceed the cost of the budget is the effective control of costs, rough, simple control costs, no so that the project cost to achieve optimum control. Therefore, the need to further improve the method of cost control, improve the economic efficiency companies. Definition of the project cost: Project costs are occurring the project of resources around the money reflects the cost, including the resource-consuming stage of the project life cycle. Project costs are usually measured in monetary units. Project costs are divided into direct costs, indirect costs in two ways. Direct costs from labor costs, materials, mechanical royalties and other direct costs component 1.2 Different types of project in Hong Kong The project type was deemed appropriate for categorizing .The categories consisting of bridge, road construction, resurfacing, maintenance, traffic and traffic maintenance are characterized by notable differences in management practices due to the nature of the categories. Managing costs on a wide variety of new building projects and structures, such as residential developments, sports stadiums, roads and bridges, schools, hospitals, offices and factories. To quote â€Å"For the Major Infrastructure Projects the progress in the past year. In time, many of these have entered the construction phase they including: Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, South Island Line (East) Sha Tin to Central Linkadvance works of the Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link Xiqu Centre of the West Kowloon Cultural District, etc. Apart from the major infrastructure projects, the DEVB will continue planning other public works to improve peoples quality of life. The projects including slope safety, fresh water supply, prevention flood, green and heritage conservation work.† Development Bureau, Press Releases/Wednesday, April 2, 2014 http://www.devb.gov.hk/en/sdev/press/index_id_8215.html Chapter 2 – Common Project Sources of Founds 2.1 Government, Developer, Contractor To quote †Sources and forms of finance a business plan is fundamental to satisfactory financial planning and ultimately the plan will need to be formulated in financial terms. When approved and adopted, the business plan forms a basis for control and comparison. When it is set up, after approval and adoption, consideration of its financing must take place. This may be short term, such as a bank overdraft or long term as debt finance. A business plan must be designed so that it provides the answers to all the question likely to be raised by prospective lenders. The main sources of finance for a business are the following: a) Banks b) Share issues c) Internal company finance d) Hire purchase and leasing e) Factoring The most common forms of organization The role trader: from of business which one person owns and operates for his /she sole benefit The partnership: must consist of at least two and not more than twenty partners Limited liability companies: can be either private or public Public sector ownership organization: by the government and accountable Unincorporated association: usually social organization who may or may not have objective of making a profit.† 1Roy Plicher (1985, 1994) Project Cost control in Construction P.15, 17, 18, Blackwell scientific Publication The Hong Kong Government basic on the construction self-financing sources, including the financial and extra budgetary places mobility special fund such as fiscal taxes the Fund. To quote †(Baumal 3), for example ,argues that managers of firms operating in markets with very few rivals will seek to maximize revenue rather than profit. Nevertheless they are constrained by the need to maintain a minimum level of profit as demanded by shareholders. Other writers such as (Marris 4) and (Williamson 5) take different approach to growth. Nevertheless, what they have in common is that mangers are seen to pursue their own self-interest at the expense of the shareholder. This is in complete contrast with the neoclassical theory†. 3. BAUMAL W.J (1967) BUSINESS BEHAVIOUR, VALUE AND GROWTH. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 4. MARRIS R.L.(1964) The economic theory of managerial capitalism. Macmillan. 5. WILLLIAMSON J .(1996) Profit, growth anf sales maximisation. Econcmica, Februart To quote †Harris and McCaffer 12, Fine and other agree with this view by placing accuracy in estimating as the key variable in determining the successful outcome of bids â€Å" Construction ecomomics: is there such a thinf? by D.K Rutter MBA MSc MCIOB MBIM CDipAF†;  HARRIS F and McCAFFER( R.1997) Modern construction management. Granada Publishing To quote †A project cannot proceed without adequate financing, and the cost of providing adequate financing can be quite large.â€Å" by Chris Hendrickson, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA l52l3 Copyright C. Hendrickson 1998 First Edition originally printed by Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-731266-0, 1989 with co-author Tung Au. Second Edition prepared for world wide web publication in 2000. http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/07_Financing_of_Constructed_Facilities.html Chapter 3 – Construction Cost Control Principles The cost control is include the Time-Cost Relationship To quote†Chitkara (2005) said the relationship between time and cost is a very important aspect in the control of costs on site as any variation in time has automatic implication on cost. It is important to report and record all the works involving materials, plant and labour on sites. This enables the  contractor be able to know the costs and expenses of the resources used on site and compare with the initial cost budget. Various report techniques used include; daily or weekly and monthly recording, schedule control, site daily diary report and the project budget.† Chitkara, K, K., 2005. Construction Project Management: Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. Poor Project Management According to User’s Guide, (2005), a poor project management structure will have an impact at all stages of the construction process leading to: Lack of planning and coordination; Poor communication between members of the project team and the project sponsor; Failure to identify problems and institute necessary and timely design and programming changes; Lack of control over time and cost inputs; Lack of end user involvement A good project management manages costs by estimating, scheduling, accumulating and analyzing cost data, and finally implementing measures to correct problems related to cost. BY FETENE NEGA (2008)CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF COST OVERRUN ON PUBLIC BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ,IN ETHIOPIA A â€Å"S† line curve Figure .1 To quote in :http://www.cpmtutor.com/c02/earnedvalue.html Construction Poject Cost Control Method Construction cost control method of many, this highlights deviation analysis. Deviation  refers to the actual value of the construction costs with the planned value of the  difference. Deviation analysis may be used to a bar chart method, form method, curve method Curve is a total construction cost curve (S line curve) for the partial construction costs differential analysis methods. A figure which indicates the actual value of the construction cost curve, p. construction cost of the scheme said the value curve, the curve between two vertical distances between construction cost deviations. The method used is the same image analysis, and visual characteristics, but this is very difficult to direct for quantitative analysis of quantitative analysis can play a role. During the execution phase of your project, you will need to monitor the status of the activities. Any deviation to schedule, quality, or scope for an activity will most likely have a cost impact. For this reason, project cost control requires you to check the overall status of each activity 3.1 Budget estimating based on a client’s, contractors To quote †The Government cost estimates should be prepared like the Government more cautious and full-equipped contractor estimating the project. Therefore, all costs, which a prudent, experienced contractor would expect to bear, should be included in the cost estimate. This philosophy widespread throughout the entire project cycle – from programming through completion of construction. Each estimate should be developed as accurately as possible, as detail as possible be assumed, and be based upon the best information available. This objective is to be maintained so that, at all stages of the project programming, design, and during construction, the cost estimate in each aspects representation the fair and reasonable cost to the Government.† UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) HANDBOOK: CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATING; http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/DOD/UFC/ufc_3_740_05.pdf To quote â€Å"Clients will usually identify their needs in terms of commercial or social pressure Space requirements: the need to improve production levels, add to production capacity, accommodate new processes or provide domestic or social accommodation; Investment: to exploit opportunities to invest in buildings; Identity: to enhance the individual ’ s or organization ’ s standing in its market or society; Location: could lead to a better use of resources, capture a new market or improve amenity; Politics: mainly in the public sector.† Fourth edition (2008)  Martin Brook BEng (Tech) FCIOB,  ESTIMATING AND TENDERING FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK 3.2 Analysis Special construct method Construction Enterprise Project Cost Control Analysis Labour Workers can be to the production and operation, but the monthly wages, allowances, and bonuses can spend less. Artificially expand the expenditure of funds. Material management Some kind of engineering materials and book a difference to thousands of dollars, tens of thousands or even hundreds Construction machinery -efficiency is not high for example, Monthly leasing machinery and equipment. To quote †The aim of such a control system for use by contractor or subcontractor on site are to: Provide a clear definition of the products to be produced Determine the method and activity to product; Work package activities; Assign responsibilities for work ; Plan and schedule the work; Prepare resource budgets to agree with the programme; Measure the work completed; Collect cost and resource expenditure date ; Analyses data and take remedial action if necessary; Provide an historical input to a date base† By A T Baxendale (1992), Integrations of time and cost control,BSc (Hons), MPhil, MCIOB Judge the economic worth of independent projects If a budget holder has proposals for several independent projects, then  whole-life costing analysis can help decide the order in which projects  should be given the go-ahead to guarantee the maximum level of savings  in operation, maintenance and repair costs. 3.3 A life cycle costing To quote â€Å"A life cycle costing approach ,that is an approach that takes explicit account of the life cycle cost of assets, is essential to effective decision making in the following ways a whole or total .(Flanagan et al.,1983) Life cycle costing is a whole or total cost approach undertaken in the acquisition of any capital -cost project or asset, rather than merely concentrating on the initial capital costs alone. Life cycle costing allows for an effective choice to be made between competing proposals of a stated objective the method will take into account the capital, repair running and replacement cost and express these in consistent and comparable terms. It can allow for different solutions of the different variables involved and setup hypotheses to test the confidence of the results achieved. Life cycle costing is an asset management tool that will allow the operating cost of premises to evaluated at frequent intervals. Life cycle costing will enable those areas of building to be identified as a result of changes in working practices, such as hours of operation, introduction of new plant or machinery ,use of maintenance analysis etc.† John W.Bull (1993) Life cycle costing for construction, BLACKIE ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL Chapter 4 – Relationship of Building Contract and Costing Contract and information management The contract are clear rights the agreement of both parties obligations, the two sides is liquidation the fundamental basis on the project personnel cost control baseline. After the signing of the contract should be organized project management staff contract analysis, contract report, contract implementation. Especially clear claims and counter-claims conditions in a timely manner to change the file. The contract information management into cost control. The Construction projects Lump Sum Contract has become widely used in the world of the pricing method, the Construction project are recommended or required in the form of Bill of quantities Characteristics of Lump Sum Contract with quantity : Lump Sum Contract with quantity list valuation to truly realize the quantity, price principle of separation. For bidders to bid Bill of quantities provided as a platform, based on their technical, financial and management capability to carry out the tender offer so that bidders can fully take into account many other factors, such as: bidding construction scheme for its own schedule, risks, resource scheduling, and so on. So the bidder can be flexible adjustments for these quotes, so quotes can accurately coincide with the project. This valuation method of engineering construction risk and reasonable distribution of tendering party quantity risk bidders bear the price of risk. While traditional fixed pricing method, which no bidders technical advantage and price advantage. Engineering change management is the key of construction contract management of engineering changes in process engineering is inevitable, but construction should try to reduce engineering change, because change is o ften in addition to   the costs of the project itself, but also will bring a lot of machines or the duration of a claim. Cost in real settlement contract (Cost Reimbursement Contract) Cost plus honoraria contract (Prime Cost and Fee) cost plus honoraria contract is bid people by tender file provides early estimated project of artificial, and material, and mechanical of cost price, and by requirements (consultations) take early estimated cost of percentage value or fixed costs as bid people of honoraria (contains costs and profit), constitute tentative contract price, stay engineering completed shà ­, by actual occurred of cost settlement, but honoraria proportions or total not variable.Such contracts apply to tight deadlines, emergency rescue and disaster relief work. No such contract in Hong   Kong standard contract forms. Reasons of Projects over Budget: Inexperience of Project Leader Poor Communication/Management of Personnel Loss Through Damage or Malfunction Human Error Employee Absenteeism Vendor Relationship Issues Environmental Factors Poor Workmanship Lack of Foresight Conclusion Construction project cost control is complicate system engineering. Actual operation an application and flexibility of needed to adapt applications under the local conditions, various sizes, different construction company and different administrative systems are different, However in under any circumstances the construction of production and operations of amount of human resources and materials resources and costs, guidance, supervision, monitoring and restrictions. Therefore, the to increase production and conservation, increase revenue and reduce expenditures, is a common building construction enterprise, which requires constant practice in reviewing and improving cost control, methods and means to ensure that the project costs. As a business that only deepen the financial management system, advanced cost management center, to further strengthen cost management and stringent cost negative, complete implementation of, the whole process of cost control and constantly adapt to the ove rall market competition, to overcome of adversity to achieve target of cost control

Essay --

Judaism is a religion mainly all jews believe in. Judaism comes from a latin based word; Iudaismus. Judaism is a monotheistic religion, monotheistic means a belief in only one god or praiser. Judaism is thought as the relation god established with the children of israel. The jewish holy bible is called a torah, the torah can also be referred to as tanakh or hebrew bible. there are different time periods of the jewish people sadducees and hellenistic judaism during the second temple period,the karaites and sabbateans during the medieval period, and now a days orthodox and reformed jews. Judaism roots start in the middle east during the bronze age. Of all the major world religions, Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions. Judaism is a very sacred religion to the jews and is a way of life for many jews. Jews are ethnoreligious group, In 2012, the world population of jew was estimated at about 14 million, or 0.2% of the world population. About 42% of all Jews l ive in israel and about 42% live in the U.S.A and Canada, with most of the remaining jews in Europe,South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. jews are considered jews. Jews are considered jewish if they're born with a jewish mother. American reformed judaism and British Liberal judaism accept the child of any jewish blood from either mom or dad. jews can switch to another religion but in some forms of judaism is no longer considered jews.Jews pray 3 times daily and a 4th time on special occasions, the three prayers are Shacharit,Mincha, and Ma’ariv. these are recite in the morning,before drinking and eating, and after drinking or eating. Jews were a kippah, a rounded skull cap,worn by many Jews while praying, eating, reciting blessings, or studyi... ... Depending on which yeshiva, might either be the person responsible for ensuring attendance and proper conduct, or even supervise the emotional and spiritual welfare of the students and give lectures on Jewish ethics.mashgiach - Supervises manufacturers of kosher food, importers, caterers and restaurants to ensure that the food is kosher. Must be an expert in the laws of kashrut and trained by a rabbi. The three major beliefs in judiasm is 1. All humans were created in the image of God 2. Live by the teachings of the Torah and keep the commandments. 3. Judaism teaches that one day a Messiah, or person of God, will unite the world bringing peace to all of humanity. I talked a lot about connecting think these are the most important because judaism teaches that one will be connected with god and the world shall come to peace and these three would be my top choice

Term African Slave Trade Essay examples -- essays research papers

When you think of the African slave trade, do you realize that over 10 million people were removed from that continent in less than 500 years? Some scholars believe it may be as large a number as 20 million.1 I would like to pose a few questions and attempt to answer them in this collection of writings and opinions. The evidence and historical documents will show some of the economic and social impacts the Slave Trade had on the African continent. The first thing that needs to be established is just how many slaves were brought to the Americas. This has proven to be quite difficult at best. There have been many scholars debate just this subject alone. As you will see, many well known scholars have problems justifying their own estimations or guesses. A quick study of Philip D. Curtin’s work: From Guesses to Calculations: Shows his writings are a compilation of bits-n-pieces of information from previously thought of unimportant publishing’s. His sole purpose was to try to determine a more accurate account of the number of people brought over from what parts of Africa and to what final location. He goes on to make it clear his findings should not be construed as being accurate or to be relied upon with any degree of certainty: but rather an accuracy range of about 20% approximations. â€Å"It should also be understood that some estimates would not even reach that standard of accuracy. They are given as the most probable figures at the present state of knowledge. These considerations have made it convenient to round out most quantities to the nearest one hundred, including data taken from other authors...† By the following chart you can see clearly the late eighteenth century was the apex of the slave trade, as described by Philip Curtin. You can clearly see that over 60% of all slaves delivered to the New World were brought over between 1721-1820. Eighty per cent of the total were landed during a century and a half, 1701-1850. 2 I suppose one could find a similar spike in the sugar trade of the Americas, as well as the Rum exports from the colonies and the firearm exports from Europe. A variety of Opinions One conclusion that might be drawn is that, in reducing the estimated total export of slaves from about twenty million to about ten million, the harm to African societies is also reduced by half. This is obvious nonsense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...rice of the transatlantic slave trade on Africa was absolutely devastating. Not only was there a massive shortage of young women and men especially, but also the future potential of the continent was essentially gone. Many of the young men and women would die before reaching the New World. Thus not being given the chance to hand down their own culture to their children. Their culture was rarely a written culture, but an oral culture. A major factor that must be understood is what is called by some as the â€Å"brain drain† Which is considered a by-product of the Triangle Trade of the time. Craftsman, Warriors, politicians, Artist, Princes, Healers, Farmers, and Musician were all sent to be slaves by their enemies, both personal and political or even coincidental. All to serve the white masters on their sugar, cotton, and tobacco plantations on the other side of the world.5 Slavery does still persist. The reports of the United Nations International Labor Organizations, the British Anti-Slavery Society, and the U.S. Department of State show there still is large margin of slavery going on in the Northwestern (Mauritania) and in the Sudan region. The past isn’t dead: it’s not even past. 6

English as the Spoken Language in America Essay -- English Language Co

English as the Spoken Language in America In the beginning, this country was a melting pot. Many different people, from many different countries and ethnic groups, speaking in many different tongues came to America. English arose as the predominant language of the United States. Over time, people realized the importance of staying in touch with their cultural backgrounds, including the language of their native countries. The main problem presented now lies in communication and interaction with each other. It is obvious that miscommunication causes problems. An â€Å"English Only† law will unite Americans and give them all a common ground on which to communicate. It will diminish racial conflicts, as well as encourage immigrants to become involved in the U.S. society and become successful. It will also improve the efficiency of government operations. Declaring English as the official language of the United States will resolve current issues and prevent problems in the future. The biggest and most obvious problem with s peaking many different languages in one united country is communication. Many immigrants do not learn English at all. In fact, 213 different languages are spoken in the United States, and approximately 10 million U.S. residents do not speak fluent English (â€Å"English Only† 3). Some immigrants gradually pick up the language, but do not learn enough to bridge the communication gaps between themselves and the government. Even everyday communication creates tension. For example, when I go to my college library and ask for help finding information, some of the library aides speak broken English that is difficult to decipher. The hired library aides have trouble understanding what I am trying to find and I have trouble understanding them when they try to help me out. It is a very frustrating situation for both the aides and me. Along with communication difficulties, the language barrier among immigrants contributes to racial tension and segregation. One look at the city of Chica go is a prime example of this situation. Many different cultures are isolated within the city because they cannot communicate with each other. Not having an official language encourages these concentrations of ethnic groups to stick together and not integrate themselves into society. Miscommunication among the groups generates animosity and competition for resources. This in turn a... ...res operate more smoothly, and in order to help immigrants feel as though they too are an integral part of this society, we must declare English the official language of the United States of America. Bibliography Alter, Jonathan. â€Å"English Spoken Here, Please.† Newsweek 9 January 1984: 24-25. Debate Over English Only, The. March 1996. http://www.nea.org/ society.engonly.html (29 April 1999). â€Å"English Only.† ACLU Briefing Paper. 1996. http://www.aclu. org/library/pbp6.html (29 April 1999). â€Å"Issue of Quebec’s Independence.† The American Geographical Society Fall 1997:37. King, Robert D. â€Å"English as the Official Language:The Problem of Multiple Cultures.† Current (Washington D.C.) July/August 1997:3-8. Mc Bee, Susanna. â€Å"A War Over Words.† U.S. News and World Report 6 October 1986:64. â€Å"Reagan Information Interchange, The.† Congress Acts to Make English our Official Language. 1999.http://www.reagan.com/HotTopics.main/HotMike/document- 8.5.1996.3.html (6 May 1999). Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992. â€Å"U.S. English, Inc.† 26 April 1999. http://www.usenglish.org/incindex.html (6 May 1999).

Types Of Food And Water Contamination Environmental Sciences Essay

About every individual twenty-four hours our universe additions a vegetarian. Most people become a vegetarian out of regard for our animate beings, some because merely dont like meat. First of all, biological meat is better for the environment. The animate beings at biological farms have a better life ; they can travel about freely, acquire outside and eat proper nutrient. Furthermore, biological farms do non utilize fertilisers, chemical supplies or cistron engineering, so the meat you are purchasing is really better for your ain wellness. You can acquire biological meat at whole nutrient and wellness nutrient shops, some farm stores, and biological meatmans and even the better supermarkets. The environment section of the Dutch authorities is back uping supermarkets to acquire biological nutrient and to put up a good run, because biological nutrient is still more expensive in the universe. The taint of nutrient by chemical jeopardies is a world-wide public wellness concern and is a taking cause of trade jobs internationally. Contamination may happen through environmental pollution of the air, H2O and dirt, such as the instance with toxic metals, PCBs and dioxins, or through the knowing usage of assorted chemicals, such as pesticides, carnal drugs and other agrochemicals. Physically taint occurs when objects that get into the nutrient point and this can class taint. 1.1.1 TYPE OF CONTAMINATED BY BIOLOGICAL Food can be contaminated by biological because there are two types of biological agents are pathogens and toxins. Sanitation in fixing and functioning nutrient will cut down taint by pathogens. Toxins are toxicant substances produced by pathogens and other organisation to protect nutrient from toxins, stored it in sealed, air-tight containers so to avoid the taint we must decontaminate the containers before opening them. In handling the job of biological it is assumed that there could be contaminated by personal of all open surfaces, and of go arounding air. The illness could be caused by taint that had occurred several yearss, or hebdomad earlier. In instance of biological onslaught there are certain direction that should for carried out for protection and decontamination of feeding, imbibing, nutrient service equipment and messing countries. The best manner to forestall biological taint is to make good sanitary and hygienic pattern. 1.1.2 TYPE OF CONTAMINATED BY CHEMICALLY Chemical nutrient taint refers to the presence in nutrient harmful chemicals and micro-organism which can do consumer unwellness. The chemical taint of nutrient as microbiological taint is under the nutrient borne unwellness. Largely the chemical taint is modified nutrient, or the nutrient ingredients from genetically modified being besides can organize the nutrient taint. The nutrient borne unwellness can caused by certain cleansing compounds, and sometimes by usage the improper containers ( pots ) for cooking or hive awaying nutrient. Sometimes drug besides are used in agribusiness chemicals to command the infestation of fruit and veggie. When a big sum of chemicals are used it can caused a serious nutrient borne unwellness. The full toxicant chemical and cleaning compound must be carefully stored and labeled and shop in country that separate from the nutrient point. The best manner to forestall chemical nutrient borne unwellness are all the fruit and vegetable must be rinse decent ly so that the chemical will destruct in the H2O. We can even utilize warm H2O or even a hot H2O to rinse it. Examples of toxic metal that can do chemical taint are: Lead: found in pewter, illustration is pitcher and tableware Copper: found in cooking utensil, illustrations are pots and Pons Zinc: found galvanized points, illustrations are pail and bath 1.1.3 TYPE OF CONTAMINATED BY PHYSICALLY There is few type of physical taint that occurs. The first is from human existences. Sometimes the point that can do physical taint are, hair, soil, hurting french friess, buttons, coins, jewelry makers, plaster, and finger nail, go mix with the nutrient. The 2nd is from equipment in the hotel. The equipment that can contamination because from the, glass, metal, wood, plastic, prison guard, nuts, and bolts. The 3rd are largely from nutrient point are delivered in some sort of packaging or containers. If the packaging is damaged, or non to the full removed it may go a beginning of physical taint. Example the point are, polythene, paper, composition board, plastic or even glass. The 4th type of taint are from the unwanted parts of natural ingredients that remain in nutrient after readying including illustration, egg shell, castanetss, pips, chaffs, dirt or grit. The last physical taint are from the spread disease, they besides can do physical taint because the contaminated from the, de ad insect organic structures, larvae or eggs, dungs of pelt or a bird plume. To avoid the taint we must manage the nutrient point with carefully. 1.2 DEFINATION OF PORTABLE WATER ( The above beginnings from www.portable water.com ) Portable H2O is a safe H2O to be drink by all human existences or besides animate beings. Water may be of course drinkable, as is the instance with pristine springs, or it may necessitate to be treated in order to be safe. In either case, the safety of H2O is assessed with trials which look for potentially harmful contaminations. Largely portable H2O is packaged in plastic, or glass. It is a merely H2O that s safe to be drink by all. Water which is contaminated can treated to turn into portable H2O. Once of the easiest W P treat the H2O is boiling. Boiling H2O may non take heavy taints, but it can neutralize most bacteriums and viruses which may show H2O can besides treated with chemicals such as bleach, which sometimes it signifier of tablets for field and encampment usage. In extra, H2O can be pumped through a filter to take particulate. 1.3 PORTABLE WATER USED FOR: 1.3.1 PORTABLE WATER STORAGE TANKS ( The above beginnings from www.portable H2O tanks.com ) Portable H2O storage armored combat vehicles can be used in a figure of applications. If there is a break in the lasting H2O supply a portable armored combat vehicle can be used as a impermanent solution. They can be used as firefighting equipment, typically in distant locations or for forest fires. They can besides be used in distant locations where a work cantonment needs to be set up for a period of clip. There are many different utilizations for them and they can be an effectual piece of equipment 1.3.2 WATER PURIFIER ( The above beginnings from www.water purifier.com ) Most H2O we would believe of as clean contains a assortment of different contaminations, including chemical and biological contaminations. Chemical contaminations are chemicals that have entered the H2O. We can kill biological contaminations in the H2O by boiling it, but unluckily, boiling H2O has no consequence on chemicals already in the H2O. However, utilizing a H2O purifier can take both biological and chemical contaminations at the same clip, ensuing in H2O that is clean and safe to be drink by household. 1.3.3 PORTABLE WATER BOTTLE ( The above beginnings from www.portable H2O bottle.com ) The portable H2O bottles are a new sort of filtered H2O bottle. If you one to make at out of place we can merely used the portable H2O bottle. With this filtered H2O bottle you can merely even travel anyplace without any job. The portable H2O bottle, it can cut down 99.99 % of contaminations such as cryptosporidium, Giardia, E-coli, and many more. The bottle is design for going, exerting, athleticss events, and catastrophes or even can be used at place. The H2O bottle is really save and the H2O besides is safe to be drink. 1.3.4 PORTABLE WATER HEATER: ( The above beginnings from www.portable H2O heater.com ) Water warming is a thermodynamic temperature procedure utilizing a warming beginning to heat H2O above its initial temperature. Portable H2O is normally heated by device known as a H2O warmer or hot H2O system. Water warmer for non portable usage, both industrial and domestic are besides called hot H2O boilers. When a shell and tubing heat money changer is used for portable H2O or non portable H2O warming, it is normally called a hot H2O generator.