Admissions Essay For Graduate School - Sample Resume For The Interview

Admissions Essay For Graduate School - Sample Resume For The InterviewIf you are applying to a psychology PhD program, you may be wondering if it's wise to write a sample admissions essay for graduate school. You are not alone, many students do not realize that a great written essay can help to improve your chances of acceptance.The first thing you will want to do before submitting your essay is to go online and look at a sample admission essay for graduate school, which will help you to decide what format to use and how to structure your content. A sample admissions essay for graduate school consists of four sections, and the writing can really affect your acceptance or rejection decision.One of the most important aspects of psychological applications is the content. Your decision to write this kind of essay, and subsequent acceptance or rejection of your application, is going to have a huge impact on your life. So it is worth spending the time to learn how to write a great essay.No w that you know what you are doing, it is time to learn some tips for writing your essays. The first thing you need to do is to start out by listing all the areas of interest you have for the job. For example, if you are writing an essay for a research position, it would be very important to cover such things as where you wish to work, what kind of research you hope to do, and whether you have any interest in working with children.Make sure you practice writing a few samples so that you can become a good writer. This can be difficult for some students, especially when they come from a background that has not been taught the skill of writing. If you are a poor writer, don't be discouraged, there are many good writers who are working in higher education, and if you can figure out how to write a good essay, the others can read it.Most PhD programs accept a very high percentage of applicants, so the selection process can be very competitive. Since so many people are applying, you will p robably have to submit an essay for some level of reading. Your potential employer needs to be able to immediately tell whether or not you are going to be a good fit for the program.Remember that each admission committee is applying for a specific position, so it is worth spending the time to find out how you can make the best possible impression to an admissions committee that is reviewing hundreds of applications. Writing a quality essay for graduate school can benefit your job search, and make you stand out from the thousands of applicants.

The crucible free essay sample

â€Å"One man with courage makes a majority. †- Andrew Jackson Meaning: If one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. We will write a custom essay sample on The crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction: -hook -meaning -background information -thesis: Jackson’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. BP1: John Proctor *transition -topic sentence: John Proctor proves the quote’s relevance by showing that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. -tells the court that the girls are lying -refuses to confess to witchcraft -ends up showing courage and helping to put an end to Salem Witch Trials BP2: Giles Corey *transition -topic sentence: Giles corey proves the quote’s relevance by showing that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. -protests one-sided courts when he refuses to enter a plea -sacrificed himself and was crushed to death BP3: Reverend Hale *transition -topic sentence: Reverend Hale proves the quote’s relevance by showing that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. -Quits the court and shows other people how unfair Danforth and his trials were -Later comes back to try to save people from being hanged by talking to Danforth -Tries to convince people to confess in order to not be hanged and to at least save themselves Conclusion: -thesis: Jackson’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. -Relative to the Red Scare in America during the 1950’s â€Å"It is extraordinary how extraordinary the ordinary person is. † George F. Will Meaning: It is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. Introduction: -hook -meaning -background information -thesis: Will’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that it is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. BP1: John Proctor *transition -topic sentence: John Proctor proves the quote’s relevance by showing that It is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. -tells the court that the girls are lying -refuses to confess to witchcraft -ends up showing courage and helping to put an end to Salem Witch Trials -makes a huge impact in the trials BP2: Giles Corey *transition -topic sentence: Giles corey proves the quote’s relevance by showing that it is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. -protests one-sided courts when he refuses to enter a plea -sacrificed himself and was crushed to death â€Å"more weight† -makes a statement BP3: Reverend Hale *transition -topic sentence: Reverend Hale proves the quote’s relevance by showing that it is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. -Quits the court and shows other people how unfair Danforth and his trials were -Later comes back to try to save people from being hanged by talking to Danforth -Tries to convince people to confess in order to not be hanged and to at least save themselves Conclusion: -thesis: Will’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that it is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. -Relative to the Red Scare in America during the 1950’s â€Å"Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear-not absence of fear. †- Mark Twain Meaning: To be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. Introduction: -hook -meaning -background information -thesis: Twain’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. BP1: John Proctor *transition -topic sentence: John Proctor proves the quote’s relevance by showing that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. -tells the court that the girls are lying -refuses to confess to witchcraft -ends up showing courage and helping to put an end to Salem Witch Trials BP2: Giles Corey *transition -topic sentence: Giles corey proves the quote’s relevance by showing that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. -protests one-sided courts when he refuses to enter a plea -sacrificed himself and was crushed to death BP3: Reverend Hale *transition -topic sentence: Reverend Hale proves the quote’s relevance by showing that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. -Quits the court and shows other people how unfair Danforth and his trials were -Later comes back to try to save people from being hanged by talking to Danforth -Tries to convince people to confess in order to not be hanged and to at least save themselves Conclusion: -thesis: Twain’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. -Relative to the Red Scare in America during the 1950’s The Crucible free essay sample Arthur Miller in the novel, â€Å"The crucible†, analyze obliquely the relation between The Salem witch hunt with The McCarthyism. Miller supports his analogy by emphasizing the characteristics that relate the witch hunt with the McCarthyism. The author’s purpose is to express his philosophical assumptions about the misjudgment, chaos and hysteria, that is reappearing throw the history in different faces and political assumptions of the McCarthyism in order to arouse people from their blind obstinacy for what was really happening. The author writes in a formal tone to of course all socialists, historians, and people with vulnerability to suffer this kind of event. In Arthur Millers â€Å"The Crucible†, the events of the Salem witch trials stem from the communitys bitterness over political, financial, and personal issues, causing hysteria upon the Salem citizens. This scandal is seized by Abigail Williams as an opportunity to seek power and revenge, similarity with Joseph McCarthy in the Red Scare, when he used it as a tool to raise his power, until president Eisenhower instructed his vice president, Richard Nixon to stop him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both of them recognized, a little late, all the chaos that McCarthyism was causing rather than fixing, as mentioned in The Red Scare and McCarthyism, in a nutshell’, â€Å"Men who have in the past done effective work exposing communists in this country have, by reckless talk and questionable methods, made themselves the issue rather than the cause they believe in so deeply† (Nixon, p. 3). The philosophical assumptions were that the crucial event was the blacklist of oneself’s name, even if one was innocent the fact of being spotted as a witch or communist was the end of one social reputation such as Miller mentioned in â€Å"why I wrote ‘The crucible’ â€Å"the crucial damning event was signing of one’s name in â€Å"The devil’s book†, In time of hysteria and delusion drowning suspicion on oneself was as easy as pie, for instance the authority was never questioned, they would say -are you with us, or against us? , even talk to blacklisted people wasnt the smart thing to do, it would been seen as â€Å"fraternizing with the enemy†, â€Å"the old friend of a blacklisted person crossing the street to avoid being seen talking to him† (Miller,,â€Å"why I wrote ‘The crucible’ , because do such things would mean the risk of being blacklisted, this was the psychological element of fear applied in both the citizens of Salem 1691, and Americans 1950. Miller political assumptions were that Joseph McCarthy’s role was to pretend been helping the society but actually was doing the contrary by increasing chaos, and misjudgment, â€Å"sneering like a villain, he comes across now as nearly comical, a self-aware performer keeping a straight face as he does his juicy threat-shtick† (Miller,â€Å"why I wrote ‘The crucible’ †( ¶3), his power stirred fear of creeping communism, at the peak of McCarthyism the authority example to follow wasnt as complete, instead of represent safety and order, as it should have, it became one of McCarthy’s tools in his game. â€Å"The old political and moral reality had melted like a Dali watch† (Miller,â€Å"why I wrote ‘The crucible’. Arthur Miller’s purpose for writing The crucible was to express his philosophical and political assumptions about the matter that was happening in that stage of The United States history, The McCarthyism, which he easily draw the analogy with the Witch hunt at Salem in the winter of 1691, both were situations of spreading chaos, hysteria ,and dilution, where both Abigail Williams and Joseph McCarthy raised their power, respectively, and both ended up by jeopardizing the original situation. The Crucible free essay sample The literary work The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a very good choice for your essay. The Crucible is one of the most mysterious, and at the same time very utilitarian creation of the outgoing century.The play, which hitherto raises heated debates of people, who are trying to bring to light the subjects of much controversy, which are discussed in the play: the theme of the moral choice, justice and injustice, truth and lie, trials of the innocently accused person, witchcraft, evil powers vs. good ones. This literary creation is loosely based on historical facts: the Salem witch trials of the late 1600s. Miller leaves a lot of uncovered questions at the end of the play, which give much food for readers thoughts. Miller gives a wonderful opportunity to read between the lines, and to conjecture some ideas. Youll be impressed by the originality, eccentricity of the plot, splendidly selected system of the title characters, and those who make the general foil for them. We will write a custom essay sample on The crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The characters in the play were based upon real people who judged or were judged in hysteria. Youll close the book with a comma-like state, as there are a lot of ambiguities in it. But be sure to read it to the end, dont lose this superb possibility.Undoubtedly, youll benefit from writing your essay on one of The Crucible essay topics. All the below-listed topics are at your disposal. So choose one of The Crucible essay topics, which seem the most suitable for you, and develop it in the format of the essay. Discuss the role that grudges and personal rivalries play in the witch trial hysteria. How do the witch trials empower individuals who were previously powerless? How does John Proctors great dilemma change during the course of the play? Compare the roles that Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams play in The Crucible. What role does sex, and sexual repression, play in The Crucible? Why are Danforth, Hathorne, and the other authorities so resistant to believing the claim that Abigail and the other girls are lying? What kind of government does Salem have? What role does it play in the action? Analyze Reverend Parris. What are his motivations in supporting the witch trials? Discuss the changes that Reverend Hale undergoes in the course of the play. Compare and contrast the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism. Understand the  living conditions in Massachusetts in the 1700s. Examine the dynamics of Puritanism in 1692. Gather historical perspectives of American Colonial period.  What is your perception of the girls allegations in the play? Do they really believe in witchcraft or are they fabricating the events? Is John Proctor a tragic figure? Compare his fate to that of such tragic literary figures as King Oedipus in Sophocless Oedipus Rex and the title character in William Shakespeares Hamlet. Examine the historical facts regarding the Salem Witch Trials and Joseph McCarthys hearings. In what ways does Miller employ these facts in the service of his drama? How do the two historical events compare to What was witchcraft? Who practiced it? Describe the social response to witchcraft in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. What social and religious factors are given to account for the harsh response to witchcraft? What can you find out about modern witchcraft or Wicca? Compare and contrast the characters of Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor. Discuss Millers treatment of women in The Crucible. Explain why the play is a tragic comedy.  Explain the symbolic characters and how they develop the themes. Discuss how the themes of The Crucible make it both universal and enduring. What is the function of Reverend Hale in the play? The Crucible free essay sample Fear can lead to a lot of things, but unfortunately, in humans it usually leads to something bad. Throughout history, fear has lead to some of the most violent actions by man, and some of the biggest collapses of organized society. In early American history, the people of Salem experienced this for themselves. Arthur Miller shows this in his book. The society of Salem that Miller creates in The Crucible shows how fear can slowly cause rational thought to deteriorate, leading to mass hysteria and eventually the breakdown of civilized behavior. During Act I, Miller shows how each Salem’s citizens begin to realize this fear they have, and how it is slowly starting to take over their minds. This new idea that witchcraft exists in their very own society is too much for most people to handle. The very notion that â€Å"the necessity of the devil† could overtake them at any moment sends them directly down a path of fear (Miller 31). We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These witches who they now believe exist are associated with the one figure that they know is bad. The devil’s motives, although unclear to them, obviously involve the innocent people of their little town, which is more than their minds can comprehend. They start to believe irrational thoughts that encourage this fear, and that only leads to the worsening of the situation. Giles’s irrational fear of the â€Å"behavior of a hog† and how he â€Å"[knew] it had to be the Devil in an animal’s shape† prolongs this idea of paranoia (38). This â€Å"strange† behavior that Giles interprets as the work of the Devil exemplifies how even the smallest things are getting to the heads of the Salem citizens. Even Giles cannot justify his irrational fear, and he is the one who has it. Even he does not know what possesses him to have such a belief, but it only furthers the idea that the townspeople’s minds start to deteriorate, that the presence of evil is slowly invading their heads and ripping them of their rational thought. Now the citizens of Salem begin to get out of control, because now they try to rationalize their irrational fear. They try to look for scapegoats to qualify their thoughts, and in turn become completely hysterical. Once the people of Salem fully realize their fear, Miller shows how they try to justify this fear, but that they are in fact becoming more and more hysterical. They now try to find a justification for thoughts and their fear of evil. They need some solid proof to back up these accusations that they make, and they need to clear their own names as well. So, they arbitrarily start claiming that â€Å"[they] saw†¦with the Devil†, and that â€Å"[they] saw†¦with the Devil† (45). These unjustified explanations for their fears just shows how truly corrupted their minds become. They start naming their own friends, neighbors, and even their own family in order to clear themselves and more importantly to try to prove that this witchery is really upon them, and to prove that they are not just crazy. What it really does is show how hysteria is setting in, and how they have actually accepted these lies as the truth. While questioning each other on the matter, their breakdown can really be seen through their quick, almost sputtering manner of speaking: Hale: â€Å"Did you call the Devil last night? Abigail: â€Å"I never called him! † Parris: â€Å"She called the Devil? Abigail: â€Å"I didn’t see no Devil! † Hale: â€Å"You cannot evade me†¦(40)† This pace at which they speak proves how they have no real justification, only that they can accuse someone and use that as proof. They speak in little fragments that can barely be considered sentences because they do not actually have much to say, they only wish to get words out there, in hopes of proving something. This repetition of â€Å"Devil† is an attempt to further their argument and to relate the accused with him further. At this point they are really not making much sense anymore, and their minds only get worse from this state of hysteria. Miller finalizes his idea about the effects of fear through the complete breakdown of civilized thought and action of the people of Salem. After doing what they thought was justifying their fear, which was really just a step forward into hysteria, they now act on their irrational thoughts with irrational response. Their â€Å"long-held hatreds of neighbors could now be openly expressed, and vengeance [could] be taken†, but not on a direct level, however (7). They no longer need a justification, really, for anything because of the fear they have already established as truth. The so-called Puritans are no longer pure at all, because they are not catering to God, but only to themselves. All they had to do was accuse someone of itchcraft and they would be whisked away. Never in their right minds would they do such a thing, nor would anyone else believe it, but they are not in their right minds any longer, and anything relating to this evil is simply accepted. Upon accusing and questioning Mary Warren, Parris only has to offer a bad explanation to a simple question and it is right away accepted as truth. The people are no longer able to think clearly because their minds are clouded and the truth is made invisible by fear. The effects of fear are quite numerous, and as previously established, those effects are usually for the worse. As well as short-term issue, it can cause long-term damage and have adverse effects on one’s mind. These effects, in turn, are expressed outwards in different manners, effecting entire societies by causing hysteria and paranoia. In The Crucible, the town of Salem is used to express just that. Eventually this fear, which first deteriorates only the minds of individuals, develops into the mass breakdown of the entire society. The town also serves as an allegory to 1950s America, and the â€Å"witch-hunts† that followed the Red Scare. The Crucible free essay sample Why does guilt hold from telling the truth? In the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller, in the early year of 1962 in the small Massachusetts village of Salem, many innocent people in the play were hanged during the Salem witch trials. Of course, there are many people that may be blamed. Many problems arise that deal with jealousy, hypocrisy, and hysteria. One may find Abigail Williams, The Putnams, and Mary Warren to blame. Abigail was manipulative, The Putnams were very jealous, and Mary Warren was weak-will. Society can be destroyed by powerful forces of jealousy, hypocrisy and hysteria. Jealousy can lead you to do terrible things. Jealousy played a big role in who was to blame for the deaths in Salem. The Putnams were a small family, they had seven out of eight children and none survived but one. Mrs. Putnam was a very jealous person when it came to families, and Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Putnam was a very jealous person when it came to land. She Told Rebecca â€Å"You think it Gods work you should never lose a child nor grandchild either, and I burry all but one? There are wheels within wheels in this village, and fires within fires! †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Goody Putnam wanted more children and was jealous of Rebecca Nurse and her large family, so she blamed her for witchcraft . Mr. Putnam wanted more and more land and was very greedy. He accused many people of witchcraft, and once they were hanged, he would buy their land. Mental weakness is as much to blame for these deaths as much as jealousy and manipulation. People will lie to save their reputations. One character that seemed to fall into the social trap of hypocrisy is Judge Danforth. When questioning Mary Warren about her sudden decision to tell the truth, Danforth ridicules Mary when saying, How were you instructed in your life? Do you not know that God damns all liars? The Judge sees himself as part of the elect which is why he believes everyone else to be ignorant. For this same reason, is unable to see his error in forcing people to lie to save their lives. When Reverend Hale fails in his attempt to pardon the accused, Danforth states, I cannot pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same crime†. Danforth sees himself as high enough in society that he has the God-given gift to decide what will benefit the community. The Judge believes he is showing compassion in deciding what is just but is ignorant to the fact that this justness only causes unneeded deaths. Danforths pride causes him to be blind toward his blatant hypocritical accusations. Hysteria can tear apart a community. Salems hysteria makes the community lose faith in the spiritual belief they are strictly trying to enforce. The church soon began to lose many of its parishioners because the interest of the town is focused on Abigail, as they anxiously awaited her to accuse another person of witchery. The legal system which is designed to protect its servants, was also tainted by corruption. The court shows itself to be incapable of seeing truth when presented with it. Abigail along with the other girls scare Mary into disavowing her testimony as they all act together as if they were being attacked by the spirit of Mary Warren; Abigail screams in the court Mary, please dont hurt me! . Furthermore, when Proctor approaches Mary she screams and points at Proctor saying Youre the Devils man! In Conclusion, the powerful strength of hysteria, jealously, and hypocrisy can demolish a society. Jealousy can lead you to do terrible things. People will lie to save their reputations. Hysteria can tear apart a community. Goody Putnam was jealous of Rebecca Nurse for having a big family she was wanted to have. Judge Danforth fell in total hypocrisy when questioning Marry Warren about her telling the truth. The community lose faith in the spiritual belief they are strictly trying to enforce. Out of peoples’ greed they will go to extreme measures to obtain what they desire, which was the same then and is the same now.

Henri Fayols Management Theory Essay Example

Henri Fayols Management Theory Essay Example Henri Fayols Management Theory Paper Henri Fayols Management Theory Paper Henri Fayol’s Management Theory The twentieth century has brought in a number of management theories which have helped shaped our view of management in the present business environment. Henri Fayols management theory is pioneer in its own right, outlining clear and distinct duties and roles of management and his theory is by far the most relevant in today’s management style. Plan, Organize, Command, Co-ordinate, and Control are the five core issues of the Henri Fayols management, which have made the theory more practical over the contemporary management theory. Henry Fayol presented 14 principles of Management, many of which are still widely used in organizations by management to perform day to day tasks and many other functions. Some of his principles which form the structural dimensions of today’s organizations and their management are: Unity of Command, Division of work on the basis of specialization, Centralization, Order, Discipline and Unity if direction. Other than this, two more important aspects that he introduced and we find in today’s management practice are the need for initiative on part of the employees and letting the employees contribute to decisions and other tasks and delegating on the management’s part. In his principles, he also stated that an employee needs to be motivated and among many other things, money is an important variable in motivation. He also said that the management should keep the morale of its employees high and keep them motivated so that they can perform at their best. Fayol believed by focusing on managerial practices he could minimize misunderstandings and increase efficiency in organizations. [1] He enlightened managers on how to accomplish their managerial duties, and the practices in which they should engage. In his book General and Industrial Management (published in French in 1916, then published in English in 1949), Fayol outlined his theory of general management, which he believed could be applied to the administration of myriad industries. His concern was with the administrative apparatus (or functions of administration), and to that end he presented his administrative theory, that is, principles and elements of management. His theories and ideas were ideally a result of his environment; that of a post revolutionized France in which a republic bourgeois was emerging. A bourgeois himself, he believed in the controlling of workers in order to achieve a greater productivity over all other managerial considerations. However, through reading General and Industrial Management, it is apparent that Fayol advocated a flexible approach to management, one which he believed could be applied to any circumstance whether in the home, the workplace, or within the state. He stressed the importance and the practice of forecasting and planning in order to apply these ideas and techniques which demonstrated his ability and his emphasis in being able to adapt to any sort of situation. In General and Industrial Management he outlines an agenda whereby, under an accepted theory of management, every citizen is exposed and taught some form of management education and allowed to exercise management abilities first at school and later on in the workplace. Everyone needs some concepts of management; in the home, in affairs of state, the need for managerial ability is in keeping with the importance of the undertaking, and for individual people the need is everywhere in greater accordance with the position occupied. excerpt from General and Industrial Management During the early 20th century, Fayol developed 14 principles of management in order to help managers manage their affairs more effectively. Organizations in technologically advanced countries interpret these principles quite differently from the way they were interpreted during Fayols time as well. These differences in interpretation are in part a result of the cultural challenges managers face when implementing t his framework. The fourteen principles are: (1) Division of work, (2) Delegation of Authority, (3) Discipline, (4) Chain of commands, (5) Congenial workplace, (6) Interrelation between individual interests and common organizational goals, (7) Compensation package, (8) Centralization, (9) Scalar chains, (10) Order, (11) Equity, (12) Job Guarantee, (13) Initiatives, (14) Team-Spirit or Esprit de corps.

The Use of Animals in the Experiments Research Paper

The Use of Animals in the Experiments - Research Paper Example The increase in experiments with the use of animals resulted in an increase in the vivisection of the animals. This resulted into increase in controversies due to the increased surgery and dissection of the part of organisms in the body of the animals. One of the proponents of Galenic physiology, Edmund O’Meara was one of the opponents of the use of animals in scientific and chemical experiments. He argued that the severe harm and physiological pain caused to the non-human animals as a result of the dissections conducted during the experiments cause a physiological imbalance to the animals which go unnoticed. The animals subject to experiments are kept awake for a continuous period which is unjustified and unlawful (Gluck, Pasquale and Orlando 140). The unbearable pain borne out by the animals during the process of experiments always stay behind the awareness of the scientists and the researchers. The agonizingly painful processes that are faced by the non-human animals have l ed the opponents of the view to suggest a ban on the use of animals in experimental procedures. The experiments on the response of brains to the electrical impulses and shocks put the animals under the treatment of electrode bars. The varying electrical impulses are passed on the body of the animals based on the inquisitiveness of the researchers. The animals are finally captivated to death in order to analyze the impact of the experimental procedures on the various parts of the body of the non-human animals (Monamy 74). Almost 300 million animals are forced to die in the scientific and chemical laboratories where the experiments are performed.

How to change the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to change the world - Essay Example They therefore see the realization of national vision and goals of their respective nations. The individuals who have been discussed in â€Å"How to Change the World† are from countries such as brazil, United States, India, Hungary, Burkina Faso, and Bangladesh (Bornstein 28). These people have advanced systemic change and shifted perceptions and behavior patterns. They have innovated massive ideas for solving problems; and they are determined and yearn to spread the ideas throughout the society. One of the social entrepreneurs that have been profiled by Bornstein is Gloria de Souza, a 45-year-old elementary school teacher in Bombay (Bornstein 29). In 1981, she was inspired to transform education across India; this was stirred up by her observation of 20 years of rote learning, a thing she desired to change (Bornstein 34). Souza adapted her teaching ideas to India’s specific circumstances and founded an organization to build a team to spread her ideas. Her project got stipend from a social entrepreneur organization, named Ashoka. She managed to disseminate her Environmental Studies (EVS) approach to teaching. By the end of the 1980s, Souza’s success was very eminent; the Indian government had incorporated EVS into its curriculum, and it was reported that this approach had significantly increased student performance. The lessons I have learned from Souza’s case is that change requires an intrinsic motivation, coupled with action steps; Souza acts upon her observation by taking step to set up her own organization. There is also need to secure for some source of human resource and funds to institute a transformative project; Souza gets stipend from Ashoka-a social entrepreneur organization and builds a team to realize her goal. In addition, it is important to create a relevant project for easy adoption and integration; Souza adapts her teaching ideas to India’s specific issues, a thing that saw the incorporation

How Learned Helplessness Can Impact Patient Satisfaction Nursing Essay

How Learned Helplessness Can Impact Patient Satisfaction Nursing Essay Ever since To Err is Human did patients really start to care about the quality of care they received from their physicians, hospitals, and healthcare organizations. However, healthcare organizations had already recognized the importance of patient satisfaction several years earlier. Many organizations started measuring patient satisfaction as a way to judge the perceptions of how their patients viewed their experiences while under their care. There are many facets to measuring patient satisfaction but to date the concept of learned helplessness has not been incorporated into the mix. Learned helplessness is a phenomenon occurring in many places in our society. It affects how we work, interact with others, conduct our business, and employ our thoughts and views on healthcare. When experience with uncontrollable events leads to the expectation that future events will also be uncontrollable, disruption in motivation, emotion, and learning may occur. That phenomenon has been called learn ed helplessness (Cemalcilar 2003). Armed with a better understanding with how learned helplessness plays a role in patient satisfaction healthcare settings will be better able to alleviate this discomforting phenomenon and thus should raise patient satisfaction scores. This paper serves as a vehicle to investigate the concept of learned helplessness combined with a review of patient satisfaction and provide guidance for research to further our understanding of the relationship between the two. Literature review: Learned helplessness came about by accident in 1965 by Martin Seligman and his team while studying the relationship between fear and learning. Seligman observed an unexpected behavior while investigating Pavlovs theory on stimulus and response. Seligman didnt pair the bell with food but rewarded the dog with a small shock while restraining the dog to keep it from running away. The researcher thought that the dog would experience fear after hearing the bell and would try to run away or display some other type of behavior. After this the dog was placed into a box with two compartments divided by a low enough fence that the dog could see the other side and escape if the dog so desired. To their amazement, after the bell was sounded the dog didnt try to run away but instead just laid or sat on the one side of the box. The researchers repeated the test but instead of sounding the bell they gave the dog a small shock. As was the case with the bell the dog decided to stay on its initial sid e of the box. The test was repeated with a dog that had never been subject to any of the previous experiments and when given the shock the dog took flight and jumped over the small fence to escape. What was decided was that the first dog, while being restrained, learned that trying to get away from the shock was pointless and the dog had no control over its destiny and was therefore helpless. Some researchers have contended that the dog just thought he was being punished for some act of wrongdoing or that the end of the pain from the shock was indeed the reward. However, this behavior has been used in a variety of situations which will be explained here in an effort to learn more about this phenomenon. Learned helplessness has detrimental effects on children. They develop a lack of self-confidence in challenging tasks which result in deterioration of performances (Dweck, Davidson, Nelson, Enna, 1978). These children do not develop good problem solving strategies and can suffer from lack of attention and think that all of their efforts are fruitless. Children like this are often held back a grade in an effort to bolster their social and academic skills. In the end, they get a message that they are worthless and hopeless (Berger, 1983). These children may be inadequately prepared to take on new learnings and perform out of the ordinary tasks. Failure become synonymous in these childrens vocabulary and repeated efforts may do little to change their outlook. In Eriksons view, he suggests that children with few successes will become inferior which leads them to have a low self-esteem (Berger, 1983). Most learned helpless students give up trying to gain respect through their academic pe rformance so they turn to other means for recognition. They may become the class clown, bully or tease. When they begin adolescent years they try to gain respect through antisocial behaviors (Berger, 1983). With learned helpless children, competence is almost entirely destroyed. They lose confidence within themselves because they experience failures, leading them to believe they are failures. They might feel competent about something at first but if they fail in that activity they wont bother to try it again for fear of failure. Autonomy is also faint in a learned helpless students life. They feel as though they have no control over their environment because no matter how hard they tried in the past, they never succeeded. As for relatedness, learned helpless students feel as though they dont belong because they believe that they dont relate to the environment. This is why they become the class clown, bully or tease in order to get their recognition. These results may include becomin g an antisocial individual during their adolescent years or earlier. These three factors are all detrimental to an individuals growth and development in our social world today. There have been a few scales conducted and measured trying to use this construct in a variety of situations. The majority of these studies utilized learned helplessness as a secondary construct in explaining either complaint behavior (Lee and Soberon-Ferrer 1999) and measuring the relationship between empowerment and learned helplessness (Campbell and Martinko 1998). The study showed that there were many differences between empowerment and learned helplessness. Another study was conducted in a hospital setting with a reported reliability of 0.85. It had a positive relationship with Becks hopelessness scale (r=.252) and a negative correlation with Rosenbergs Self-Esteem scale (r=-.622) (Quinless 1988). Another way it can affect people is through different emotions such as pessimism, futility, risk aversion, depression, and self-esteem. It has been defined in people as a state of which the consumer cannot control their destiny or outcomes and therefore relinquish control over a certain situation. What research to date has been conducted to study patient behavior with learned helplessness? Raps et. al (1982) found that the longer a patients length of stay was the worse the patient performed on cognitive tasks that index learned helplessness. First, they determined this because of a perceived loss of control by the patient. Second, increased hospitalization resulted not only in increased deficits but also in increased vulnerability to identical deficits produced by minimal amounts of uncontrollable noise, suggesting that the process underlying the deficits in the no-noise conditions is learned helplessness produced by hospitalization. Third, increased hospitalization disrupted performance at the problem-solving tasks, but not at the verbal intelligence test-replicating the previous results from laboratory studies of learned helplessness and suggesting that the deficits of our subjects were not a general deterioration but instead a more specific difficulty with new learning (Rap s et al. 1982). Fourth, increased hospitalization produced increased depressive symptoms that covaried with poor performance both across and within conditions. This pattern suggests again that perceptions of helplessness caused the observed deficits, since depression involves a diminished sense of efficacy (Raps et al. 1982). Faulkner (2001) set out to investigate the relevance of learned helplessness and learned mastery theories in the respective development of dependence and independence in older hospitalized people. Faulkners experiment shows how an exposure to uncontrollable or disempowering circumstances potentially places patients at risk of developing learned helplessness. This condition has the potential to retard self-care performance in the absence of supervision, direction, or active personal assistance thus rendering patients dependent (Faulkner 2001). Moreover, this dependence may not remain specific to the task within which LH was induced, but may generalize to affect patient performance in other activities. To date the accepted scale to use when measuring learned helplessness is the LHS scale developed by Quinless and McDermott-Nelson. A conceptual definition is necessary in order to further explore this phenomenon. Learned helpless can be defined by a state in which a person thinks that they cannot control their own destiny and the life experiences which happen to them. This definition incorporates the key elements found throughout the research: loss of control, depression, low self-esteem, pessimism, and defeat. Learned helplessness can have the potential for explaining some variation in patient satisfaction scores. In order to further explore how the two are interrelated, an investigation into patient satisfaction must be employed. Patient satisfaction: With the effectiveness of medical care being increasingly measured according to economic as well as clinical criteria, the inclusion of patients opinions in assessments of services has gained greater prominence over the past 25 years (Sitzia Wood 1997). As health care budgets come under scrutiny, so consumers in the West have become more critical of the health care provided, organizing and claiming rights as active participants in the planning and evaluation of health services (Sitzia Wood 1997). An increase in interpersonal relationship interest sparked the development for a need to understand the patient-physician relationship which gave rise to patient satisfaction measurement. Consumer advocate groups such as the National Consumer Council produced Patients rights, which influenced the rise of consumerism in healthcare. The term patients rights became the rallying cry for Patients to have more control and say about the care that was extended to them. What then determines what pa tient satisfaction is? Linder-Pelz (1982) approached a definition of patient satisfaction through five social-psychological variables proposed as probable determinants of patient satisfaction with health care. These are outlined as: Occurrences-the event which actually takes place, and perhaps more importantly, the individuals perception of what occurred; valueevaluation, in terms of good or bad, of an attribute or an aspect of a health care encounter; expectationsbeliefs about the probability of certain attributes being associated with an event or object, and the perceived probable outcome of that association; interpersonal comparisonsan individuals rating of the health care encounter by comparing it with all such encounters known to or experienced by him or her; and entitlementan individuals belief that s/he has proper, accepted grounds for seeking or claiming a particular outcome. Ware et al. (1983) gives a more definitive taxonomy with eight dimensions: interpersonal mannerfeatu res of the way in which providers interact personally with patients (e.g. respect, concern, friendliness, courtesy); technical quality of carecompetence of providers and adherence to high standards of diagnosis and treatment (e.g. thoroughness, accuracy, unnecessary risks, making mistakes); accessibility/conveniencefactors involved in arranging to receive medical care (e.g. waiting times, ease of reaching provider); financesfactors involved in paying for medical services; efficacy/outcomes of carethe results of services provided (e.g. improvements in or maintenance of health); continuity of careconstancy in provider or location of care; physical environmentfeatures of setting in which care is delivered (e.g. clarity of signs and directions, orderly facilities and equipment, pleasantness of atmosphere); and availabilitypresence of medical care resources (e.g. enough medical facilities and providers). CMS has mandated the HCAHPS measures of patient perception of quality of care as a c ondition of Medicare participation (Griffith White 2007). CMS (Medicare) states the supplier shall conduct beneficiary satisfaction surveys and make the results available upon request and/or listed on their Internet website (if applicable). The supplier shall document and review on a quarterly basis a percentage of beneficiaries satisfied with services. These surveys include questions that are divided into five groups: Your care from nurses, Your care from Doctors, The hospital environment, Your experiences in the Hospital, When you left the Hospital, Overall rating of the Hospital, and Demographic questions. These questions must be incorporated into commercial patient satisfaction surveys and publicly reported. In some cases referring physicians may act as agents for their patients and are concerned with clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction and cost. This is important because if they are not satisfied with their patients responses, they may divert their patients elsewhere. However there are some concerns for those that dont buy into patient satisfaction scores. These fall into the category of social-psychological artifacts. LeVois et al. (1981) states that Social desirability response bias argues that patients may report greater satisfaction than they actually feel because they believe positive comments are more acceptable to survey administrators. Similarly, ingratiating response bias occurs when patients use the satisfaction survey to ingratiate themselves with researchers or medical staff, especially if there are any reservations over the anonymity of respondents (Sitzia Wood 1997). Why then study patient satisfaction? Typically patient satisfaction surveys are after the services have been rendered and the patient has left the hospital or physicians office. Most of the surveys use a 5 point Likert scale with 5 indicating excellent or highly satisfied and 1 being poor or highly dissatisfied. Most managers think that getting an average of 4s is very good or good enough and trying to achieve a 5 rating is too costly or time consuming. This is not the case. Many managers also think that they should focus on unsatisfied customers but research has shown that no matter how much time, effort, and money they invest, there will always be a small percentage of patients that are dissatisfied. Managers should then focus on moving those four ratings to fives. When it comes to customer loyalty, excellent has a different meaning from the other rating categories (Otani et al. 2009). Highly satisfied customers are the ones that are loyal and return for their next encounter or recommend others to the same physician o r facility. This usually comprises of about 75% of the physicians business so it is imperative that they keep this group happy and highly satisfied. In an emerging competitive market such as healthcare, managers should focus on achieving excellent ratings to distinguish their organization from others (Otani et al. 2009). Patients that are merely satisfied will seek care elsewhere and look for other providers. Even though the cost of switching hospitals is quite high, patients have more choices now than they did in previous eras. What are some other reasons to highly satisfy these patients? Satisfied patients tend to comply with prescribed medical treatments (Ford, Bach Fottler 1997). Due to an increase in chronic conditions, it is more imperative that patients follow the treatment process prescribed. This can reduce length of stays and lower readmission rates thus reducing costs. Also, it decreases switching. When a patient changes physicians, he or she may be required to retake te sts, which increases the patients costs and may hurt the patient (Otani et al 2009). Another factor is patient satisfaction is now considered a key part of the healthcare quality improvement initiative (Shortell and Kaluzny 2000). Many managed care organizations use patient satisfaction data to determine reimbursement rates to healthcare providers, and many leading companies will not contract with health plans that do not require a patient satisfaction survey. Providers with positive patient satisfaction survey results may receive more financial incentives than providers with poor patient satisfaction survey results (Kongstvedt 2001). In addition a 1 standard deviation point increase in the quality of pt/physician interaction equals a 35% lower chance of a patient complaint for the primary care physician, and a 50% lower chance of a patient complaint for a specialist (Saxton et al. 2008). Saxton (2008) also reports that a one standard deviation decrease in patient satisfaction equal s a five percent increase in the physicians risk management. Compared to physicians in top satisfaction scores: Physicians in middle 1/3 of scores had malpractice lawsuit rates 26% higher while Physicians in bottom 1/3 of scores had malpractice lawsuit rates of 110% higher. According to Saxton (2008) the top five patient priorities are: Response to concerns/complaints during stay, Degree to which hospital staff addressed patients emotional needs, Staff effort to include patient in decisions about their treatment, How well the nurses kept the patient informed, and Promptness in responding to the call button by the patient. One issue not investigated thoroughly is the billing activities of the hospital or caregiver. Richard Clarke, HFMA CEO and President has stated the best care, and great customer service provided during the patients hospital encounter can be destroyed quickly by confusing, complicated, or incorrect billing afterwards (Swayne et al. 2008). According to Swayne (2008, the top five hospital bill features that irritate customers the most are: confusion about what the patients insurance company has paid, confusion about the balance the patient owes the hospital once the insurance company pays its share, use of medical terminology that the patient does not understand, sending a bill to the patient before the insurance company has processed the patients claims, and inability to determine exactly what services the hospital has provided and what the patient is being charged for the service. Follow-on activities are also another area that the physician or caregiver can alter patient satisfaction scores. Many providers think that once the patient is out the door the experience ends there. After a patient has been seen by a physician or is leaving the hospital after surgery, there is a likely need for further services: a child with an ear infection has to return in 10 days for another check-up to make sure the infection is no longer present; after hip surg ery a patient may need to be relocated to a rehabilitation facility to learn to walk again (Swayne 2008). All of these additional services are value adding service activities. All of these factors play a role in learned helplessness as the patient may become frustrated by not having an excellent experience throughout the visit or after the visit. Proposed study: This paper shall utilize the current learned helplessness scale (LHS) and apply it to see how it moderates patient satisfaction scores. Method of study: The proposed model for this study is: Patient Satisfaction Scores Internal State of patient Patient Experience Learned helplessness Learned helplessness This research was consistent with the often used S-O-R paradigm. This paradigm assumes that environments contain stimuli (Ss) that cause changes to peoples internal or organismic states (Os), which in turn cause approach or avoidance responses (Rs) (Mehrabian and Russell 1974). It is anticipated that higher levels of learned helplessness will negatively impact patient satisfaction scores. The area most anticipated are those consistent with loss of control in fulfilling the needs of the patient, like care from the nurses, care from the physician especially in information sharing, and billing issues from either the hospital or the insurance company. The construct will be viewed as a moderator. In general terms, a moderator is a qualitative (e.g., sex, race, class) or quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relation between an independent or predictor variable and a dependent or criterion variable. Specifically within a correlation al analysis framework, a moderator is a third variable that affects the zero-order correlation between two other variables. In the more familiar analysis of variance (ANOVA) terms, a basic moderator effect can be represented as an interaction between a focal independent variable and a factor that specifies the appropriate conditions for its operation. (Baron Kenny 1986). Data collection: Data collection shall be the most challenging facet of this study. It is important to gather rich data that will either support or disprove the theory that learned helplessness lowers patient satisfaction scores. A large enough sample is to be gathered in order to fully demonstrate this phenomenons capability. The LHS will be distributed along with the chosen hospitals patient satisfaction survey and patients will be asked to complete them. It may be necessary to delay the distribution of the survey so the patient has ample time to be contacted or experience learned helplessness form billing issues that may arise. After a sufficient number of surveys have been returned to the author, statistical regression methods will be employed to assess statistical significance as it relates to learned helplessness and patient satisfaction scores. Different factors can be cross-tabulated to see if there are any generalized effects on the scores like age, race, financial, and educational positions . Model fit could be assessed using SEM or other methods to ensure proper allocation and model assessment. Limitations As stated before data collection shall be difficult in performing this study. Hospitals may be reluctant to allow a researcher, independent of the organization, access to their patients and their satisfaction data. This reluctance could be over a variety of factors including patient privacy, fear of inappropriate scores released to the public, and a general distrust for academic research. It may be necessary to conduct this study as a joint venture so the hospital may learn from this study as well as the researcher. Another limitation is patient recall. This is always a factor since consumer recall plays a role in remembering perceptions, actions, and behaviors that occurred in the hospital or caregivers office. Since billing is an issue with learned helplessness, the delay in presenting the surveys may affect memory recall. The last limitation may be that of the construct being studied itself. Since there is little research on learned helplessness as it relates to patient satisfacti on or patient experience it may be difficult to determine how strong a score on the LHS scale must be to fully realize an effect on patient satisfaction. Conclusion: This paper has outlined the construct of learned helplessness and how it potentially could interact with patient satisfaction scores. Patient satisfaction scores are of the upmost importance to hospitals and caregivers as it affects their quality ratings, their allocation from CMS, and their reputation in general. While this project is a major undertaking, the author feels that it is worthy of such time and effort as patients and caregivers seek to further understand the patient experience in healthcare settings. This paper has outlined a course of action and while this project needs to be further investigated, it lays the necessary framework for a study worthy of journal submission. Future research could fully implicate different ways that learned helplessness is formed in different healthcare settings allowing for richer analysis into how patients react to different perceived outcomes. Hospitals and caregivers should be able to use information from this study to redesign their pati ent satisfaction surveys to allow them to gather richer data and use this to improve satisfaction scores which ultimately affect the bottom line. In this new age of healthcare reform, it is imperative that healthcare organization strive in every effort to raise the bar of patient outcomes, not only physical outcomes but mental outcomes as well.

Incidents in The Life of a Slave Girl Essay -- essays research papers

Using the pseudonym Linda Brent, Harriet Jacobs wrote Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, to alert Northern white women to the dangers faced by enslaved African American women in the South. The narrative details her experience of slavery, emphasizing the sexual harassment she experienced working in the home of Dr. Flint (Dr. James Norcom). Because Linda Brent's Aunt Martha (Molly Horniblow, Jacobs' grandmother) was well known and respected in the community—and lived nearby—Flint was afraid to force himself on Linda where it might be discovered and relayed to the rest of the community. When he tried to secretly sell Aunt Martha to eliminate her interference, she forced him to do it at public auction; he was humiliated and her freedom was purchased by one of her many admirers. Flint th...